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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(1): 203-211, ene.-mar. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843271

ABSTRACT

AbstractCyanobacteria constitute the main toxin producers in inland water ecosystems and have extensive global distribution. The presence of hepatotoxins in aquatic environments is hazardous to human and animal health; even though the presence and identification of hepatotoxic microcystins in rivers and reservoirs of the world have been confirmed by several studies in the last few years. Herein, we studied the abundance and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Argentine section of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná (Corrientes Hydrometer), near Corrientes city (27º28´ S - 58º51´ W) and approximately 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá dam (High Paraná). The Paraná River basin, with a drainage area of 3.1 x 106 km2 and 3 965 km in length, is the second largest catchment of South America, after that of the Amazon. The Paraná River is the main source of drinking water supply for the Northeastern Argentine region. Phytoplankton samples were collected and environmental variables were measured in a monthly basis (exceptionally fortnightly), from March 2004 to June 2008. Fifty-eight samples were analyzed for phytoplankton density and biomass. Five samples were used for toxicity testing; the latter were obtained during the cyanobacteria blooms from 2005 to 2008. Phytoplankton counts were performed with an inverted microscope, and biomass was expressed as biovolume. Bioassays with mice and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were performed to evaluate the presence of cyanotoxins. Phytoplankton mainly consisted of Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Microcystis aeruginosa was identified during the warmer months each year (November to March). Density varied between 189 and 25 027 cells/mL (1-10 colonies/mL) and biomass from 0.34 to 44 mm3/L. Taking into account the number of cells, the highest abundance occurred in April 2004 (25 027 cells/mL), coinciding with the largest biovolume (44 mm3/L). All mice subjected to intraperitoneal injections with samples obtained during bloom episodes showed positive results for the presence of hepatotoxins. Three microcystins variants: LR, RR and [D-Leu1] Mcyst-LR were detected by analysis with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector system (HPLC-PDA). This constitutes the first report of microcystins recorded during M. aeruginosa blooms in the Argentine stretch of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná (Corrientes Hydrometer), approximately 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá dam (High Paraná).


ResumenLas Cyanobacterias constituyen el principal productor de toxinas en ecosistemas acuáticos y tienen una amplia distribución mundial. La presencia e identificación de microcistinas hepatotóxicas en ríos y embalses de todo el mundo fue confirmada por diferentes estudios durante los últimos años. La presencia de hepatotoxinas en cuerpos de agua son riesgosas para la salud humana y animal. Se estudió la abundancia y toxicidad de Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. en el río Paraná (Argentina), cerca de la ciudad de Corrientes (27°28' S - 58°51' W), aproximadamente a 220 km aguas abajo de la represa Yacyretá. La cuenca del río Paraná, con un área de drenaje de 3.1 x 106 km2 y 3 965 km de longitud, es la segunda mayor cuenca de Sudamérica, después del Amazonas. El río Paraná es la principal fuente de abastecimiento de agua potable para el Nordeste de la República Argentina. Los muestreos se realizaron mensualmente (excepcionalmente fueron quincenales) con medición de variables ambientales, entre Marzo 2004 y Junio 2008. Se tomaron un total de 58 muestras para analizar la densidad y biomasa del fitoplancton; mientras que cinco muestras fueron utilizadas en ensayos de toxicidad, estas últimas fueron obtenidas durante floraciones de cianobacterias entre 2005 y 2008. Los recuentos de fitoplancton fueron realizados con un microscopio invertido y la biomasa fue expresada como biovolumen. Para determinar la presencia de cianotoxinas se utilizaron bioensayos con ratones y análisis con Cromatografia líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). El fitoplancton estuvo representado principalmente por Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta y Bacillariophyta. Cyanobacteria fue dominante durante los meses cálidos de cada año (Noviembre a Marzo), con alta densidad de Microcystis aeruginosa. La densidad de M. aeruginosa varió entre 189 y 25 027 cells/mL (1-10 colonies/mL) y la biomasa entre 0.34 y 44 mm3/L. Teniendo en cuenta el número de células, la mayor abundancia ocurrió en abril 2004 (25 027 cells/ mL), coincidiendo con el gran biovolumen (44 mm3/L). Todos los ratones inyectados intraperitonealmente presentaron síntomas correspondientes a hepatotoxicidad. Tres variantes de microcystinas: LR, RR y [D-Leu1] Mcyst-LR, fueron detectadas por análisis de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de diodos (HPLC-PDA). Este es el primer trabajo de microcistinas registradas durante las floraciones de M. aeruginosa en el tramo argentino del río Paraná en los inicios del Paraná Medio (Hidrómetro Corrientes), aproximadamente a 220 km aguas abajo de la represa de Yacyretá (Alto Paraná).


Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Cyanobacteria , Rivers/microbiology , Rivers/chemistry , Microcystis , Argentina , Phytoplankton/growth & development
2.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 22(3): 145-148, dic. 2014. mapa
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-909592

ABSTRACT

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszyn´ ska) Seenayya et Subba Raju 1972 es una especie capaz de generar diversas toxinas que impactan negativamente sobre la calidad del agua destinada al consumo humano así como a otros usos de la misma. Cepas del hemisferio norte producen la hepatotoxina cilindrospermopsina, mientras que las sudamericanas generan las toxinas neurotóxicas saxitoxinas. No se ha reportado hasta el momento la producción de microcistinas por parte de esta especie El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la presencia de microcistinas en el agua del Arroyo Yatay en Corrientes, Argentina, y de cilindrospermopsina, saxitoxinas y microcistinas en cepas de C. raciborskii aisladas del mismo, mediante el ensayo por Inmuno Absorción Ligado a Enzimas (ELISA). Los resultados dieron negativos para microcistinas en el agua cruda, así como de cilindrospermopsina y saxitoxinas en el cultivo algal. Sin embargo, en el agua del cultivo se detectaron concentraciones de 2,34-2,50 µg. L-1 de microcistina-LR, confirmándose posteriormente su presencia mediante su análisis por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC). En estudios posteriores se deberán realizar análisis moleculares a los fines de establecer la caracterización genética de la cepa en estudio e investigar su relación filogenética con otras cepas provenientes de diversos ambientes a nivel mundial.


Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszyn´ ska) Seenayya et SubbaRaju 1972 is a species capable of generating toxins that negatively impact on drinking water quality as well as other water uses. Northern strains can produce the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin, while southern strains can produce the neurotoxin saxitoxins. Microcystins production by this species has not been reported to date.The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of microcystins in raw water of Steam Yatay in Corrientes, Argentina, and cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins and microcystins in strains of C. raciborskii isolated from that stream, by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA).Results were negative for microcystins in raw water, as well as for cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins in algal culture. Microcystins were detected in algal culture by ELISA test, at concentrations of 2.34-2.50 µg. L-1 of microcystin-LR, and subsequent confirmation by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Molecular studies should be carried out in the future to establish the genetic characterization of the strain under study and investigate their phylogenetic relationship with other strains from diverse environments.


Subject(s)
Cylindrospermopsis/pathogenicity , Microcystins/analysis , Argentina , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Microcystins/toxicity
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 74(4): 753-760, 11/2014.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-732297

ABSTRACT

Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.


Microcistinas (MC) são as toxinas de cianobactérias mais estudadas, uma vez que são amplamente distribuídas e responsáveis por vários casos de intoxicação humana e animal. São potentes inibidoras das proteínas fosfatases serina/treonina 1 (PP1) e 2A (PP2A). As fosfatases PP1 e PP2A também estão presentes em plantas, as quais podem sofrer efeitos adversos devido à inibição dessas enzimas. Em plantas aquáticas, a redução da biomassa é geralmente observada após absorção de cianotoxinas que podem bioacumular em seus tecidos. Em plantas terrestres, os efeitos causados pelas microcistinas variam de inibição ao estímulo, como no desenvolvimento de plântulas ao estádio adulto, e incluem a redução de proteínas fosfatases 1 e 2A, estresse oxidativo, diminuição da atividade fotossintética e até mesmo apoptose celular, bem como a bioacumulação em tecidos de plantas. Assim, a irrigação de plantas cultivadas com água contaminada com microcistina não é apenas um problema econômico, mas torna-se um problema de saúde pública, devido à possibilidade de contaminação dos alimento, sendo uma via de exposição que requer um monitoramento cuidadoso por parte das autoridades responsáveis.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/toxicity , Crops, Agricultural/drug effects , Microcystins/toxicity , Crops, Agricultural/enzymology , Environmental Monitoring , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Protein Phosphatase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , /antagonists & inhibitors
4.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz (Online) ; 73(2): 169-177, abr.-jun. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-782600

ABSTRACT

As cianobactérias são responsáveis pela produção de cianotoxinas que, uma vez acumuladas, podem causar sérios danos à saúde humana e animal. As microcistinas são o tipo mais comum de cianotoxinas e são promotoras de tumores hepáticos. O reservatório de Mundaú, localizado no município de Garanhuns-PE,foi o local escolhido por apresentar histórico de florações de cianobactérias produtoras de microcistinas.Neste trabalho foi investigada a presença de microcistinas em amostras de água bruta do reservatório do rio Mundaú utilizando-se as técnicas de Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Durante quinze meses consecutivos, as amostras de água foram coletadas em duplicata no ponto de captação deste manancial e analisadas por ambas metodologias ELISAe CLAE. A presença de microcistinas foi detectada em 100 % das amostras, confirmando-se a relevância do monitoramento de microcistinas em águas de abastecimento público, pois assim como o rio Mundaú,vários mananciais de Pernambuco apresentam florações de cianobactérias que podem ser tóxicas.Este trabalho deixou como legado a implantação da referida análise no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (LACEN-PE), e demonstrou sua importância como metodologia complementar à contagem das cianobactérias, para fornecer subsídios às ações preventivas de vigilância à saúde...


Subject(s)
Humans , Water Microbiology , Cyanobacteria/pathogenicity , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Microcystins , Brazil
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(1): 381-398, ene.-mar. 2014. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-715438

ABSTRACT

In lentic water bodies as reservoirs occur eutrophication processes, originated mainly from human activities (i.e. agriculture, animal exploitation). This influx of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems could promote blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The purpose of this work is to detect the presence of cyanobacteria strains in water samples, using molecular techniques to help in preventive management of reservoirs dedicated to water purification. We used two molecular techniques to detect genes implied with the synthesis of hepatotoxic microcystins from potentially toxic cyanobacteria strains, and to evaluate the molecular diversity of cyanobacteria in water samples from two high-mountain reservoirs used for purification of drinking water for the metropolitan area of Medellin, Colombia. Between 2010-2011 collections of 12 water samples were taken and DNA extraction together with PCR and DGGE analyses where carried out. We amplified 22 sequences between 250-300bp of the genes mcyA and mcyE, and these sequences were related with several strains and cyanobacteria genera accessions from NCBI-GenBank databases. Moreover, sequence amplifications of the 16S small ribosomal RNA subunit - 16S rRNA- between 400-800bp were also performed in order to use them for the DGGE technique. The amplification products of DGGE were set in polyacrilamide gel with posterior denaturing electrophoresis, and the scanned images of the gel bands were analysed with the software GelCompar II. For Riogrande II and La Fe reservoirs we found 35 and 30 different DGGE bands, respectively, as a measurement of molecular diversity in these artificial ecosystems. Here, we demonstrated the utility of two molecular techniques for the detection of genes associated with toxicity and molecular diversity of cyanobacteria in reservoirs destined for drinking water in urban centers. We recommend strongly following with periodically molecular biology studies in these ecosystems combined with limnological and ecological data, as new tools for management of plants of water purification and for the prevention of potentially public health concerns. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 403-419. Epub 2014 March 01.


En embalses, la eutrofización es consecuencia de procesos naturales y de actividades humanas, lo cual puede facilitar la aparición de afloramientos de cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas. En este trabajo, se utilizaron dos técnicas moleculares en la detección de genes presentes en cepas potencialmente tóxicas de cianobacterias y evaluaciones de diversidad molecular de cianobacterias en los embalses para potabilización de agua, Riogrande II y La Fe, Colombia. Entre 2010-2011, se tomaron 12 muestras de agua en ambos embalses y se realizaron extracciones de ADN para un análisis de marcadores moleculares mediante PCR y DGGE. Se amplificaron secuencias entre 250-300pb de los genes mcyA y mcyE, implicados en la toxicidad de cepas de cianobacterias. Asimismo, se amplificaron secuencias de la región 16S del ARN ribosomal (422pb), para la técnica DGGE. Se corrieron geles de poliacrilamida en gradientes de desnaturalización, se realizó agrupamiento genético (UPGMA), y se separaron por patrones de bandeo las muestras de cada embalse evaluado. Se demuestra la utilidad de las técnicas moleculares en estudios relacionados con la búsqueda de genes asociados con toxicidad y diversidad molecular de cianobacterias en muestras de agua provenientes de embalses de agua con fines de potabilización para centros urbanos.


Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria/genetics , Fresh Water/microbiology , Water Microbiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Colombia , Cyanobacteria/classification , Cyanobacteria/isolation & purification , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Eutrophication , Polymerase Chain Reaction , /genetics
6.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 18(3): 205-214, July-Sept/2013. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-690023

ABSTRACT

A persistência das microcistinas (MCs) em ambientes aquáticos e sua difícil remoção no tratamento convencional de água representam um desafio às companhias de saneamento. Contudo, as MCs são susceptíveis à degradação por bactérias presentes na água, sedimentos e efluentes de esgotos. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a biodegradação de MCs por microrganismos presentes em filtros de carvão com atividade biológica (CAB) e sua identificação filogenética pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S RNA. Foi utilizada uma água de estudo contendo MCs com diferentes composições, acrescida de efluente de filtros CAB. Os resultados demonstraram que as MCs foram biodegradadas por microrganismos presentes no biofilme. Este estudo infere sobre a capacidade de biodegradação de MCs por bactérias presentes em filtros CAB e o possível uso destes microorganismos como alternativa de remoção de MCs no tratamento de água potável.


The persistence of MCs in aquatic environments and their difficult removal in the conventional water treatment is a challenge to companies of sanitation. However, the MCs are susceptible to degradation by bacteria present in water, sediment and sewage effluents. In this study, we investigated the biodegradation of MCs by microorganism present in carbon filters with biological activity (BAC) and their phylogenetic identification by sequencing gene 16S RNA. A study of water containing MCs was used, with different compositions, plus a filters BAC effluent. The results showed that of MCs were biodegraded by microorganism present in the biofilm. This study provides the ability to complete biodegradation of MCs by bacteria present in BAC filters and the possible use of these microorganisms as alternative of the removal of MCs in the treatment of drinking water.

7.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 17(2): 181-186, abr.-jun. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-665946

ABSTRACT

Para minimizar os problemas relacionados à ocorrência de cianobactéria em águas destinadas ao consumo humano há necessidade de se realizar estudos de alternativas técnicas de tratamento com destaque aos biofilmes com potencial de degradação de microcistinas (MC). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de degradação de MC pela bactéria Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9, diferentes cepas de leveduras e bactérias probióticas. O teste foi efetuado com extrato de MC e diferentes quantidades de biovolume e densidade celular dos microrganismos. Os tratamentos foram mantidos a 27ºC com rotação de 100 rpm e as amostras para análise de MC e contagem dos microrganismos foram retiradas após 0 e 96 horas de contato. A bactéria B9 apresentou maior degradação de MC, chegando a 98% após 96 horas.


To minimize problems related to the occurrence of cyanobacteria in water for human consumption there is need to investigate alternative treatment techniques with emphasis on biofilms with the potential degradation of microcystins (MC). This study aimed to evaluate the potential degradation of MC by bacteria Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9, different strains of yeast and probiotic bacteria. The test was carried out with the extract obtained from strain Microcystis sp. In the tests biomass and cultures of microorganisms were used and the treatments were maintained at 27ºC with 100 rpm. Samples for analysis of MC and for counting the microorganisms were collected at 0 and 96 hours. The bacterium B9 presented the highest potential of degradation of MC reaching 98% after 96 hours.

8.
São Paulo; s.n; 2011. 275 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-639142

ABSTRACT

A demanda crescente de água doce de boa qualidade são problemas atuais e mundiais, além do descaso com os dejetos lançados nos ambientes aquáticos que comprometem a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Um dos parâmetros que atesta a potabilidade da água é a presença de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas. Cianobactérias são microrganismos procariontes aeróbicos fotoautróficos que sintetizam as cianotoxinas. Estes compostos podem ser classificados de acordo com seus mecanismos de ação em hepatotóxicos, neurotóxicos e dermatotóxicos. Por sua diversidade, representam diferentes riscos não só ao ecossistema e a outros organismos dos ambientes aquáticos, como também aos seres humanos. Esse projeto visou o isolamento e cultivo de cepas de cianobactérias produtoras de toxinas para a investigação da biossíntese desses compostos. Com este intuito, foram realizadas coletas de água em três reservatórios no estado de São Paulo e um no Paraná. Cepas de cianobactérais foram isoladas, identificadas e analisadas quanto à produção de toxinas. Uma cepa de Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) produtora de microcistinas (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW e desm-MC-LR e desm- MC-RR) foi escolhida para ser estudada frente diferentes condições de cultivo e ter o seu crescimento, produção de toxinas e expressão gênica estudados. Foram utilizados os meios de cultura já referidos na literatura: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 e 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) e BG-11 (N:P=10 e 100). Para acompanhar o crescimento, dois métodos foram utilizados: contagem de células e espectrofotometria. As toxinas foram quantificadas por LC-MS - QTrap. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada por reação de PCR em tempo real pelo método de quantificação relativa ΔΔCt. Foi observada diferença no crescimento da cepa estudada nos diferentes meios de cultivo empregados. A contagem das células permitiu a identificação das fases logarítmica e total de crescimento. Durante a fase logarítmica, três experimentos demonstraram...


There is a great concern these days about potable and good quality water due to the increase of the population needs and also to the arising problems with contamination caused by anthropogenic sources. The presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are some parameters that attest water potability. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic aerobic photoautotrophic microorganisms that may synthesize cyanotoxins. These compounds can be classified as hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and dermatotoxic according to their action mechanisms. Because of their diversity, they may represent different risks, not only to their ecosystem and other aquatic living organisms, but also to human beings. The aim of this project was the isolation and cultivation of cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria for further investigation on the biosynthesis of these compounds. Water samples from three different reservoirs in São Paulo state and one in Paraná state were collected in order to isolate cyanobacteria strains and accomplish their identification and to evaluate the toxin production. The Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) microcystin producer strain (MCLR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW, desm-MC-LR and desm-MC-RR) was chosen to be grown in different cultivation conditions and later analyzed for its growth rate, toxin production and gene expression. All culture media used in this research were chosen according to the literature: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 and 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) and BG-11 (N:P=10 and 100). To evaluate growth rate, two techniques were used: cell counting and absorbance determination in two different wavelengths (680 nm and 750 nm). Toxins were quantified by LC-MS in a hybrid triple-quadrupole instrument (Qtrap). Gene expression was assessed by real time PCR, using the ΔΔCt relative quantification method. Cell counting allowed total growth and logarithmic phase identification. During the last, three experiments showed statistical difference from control group (p<0,05). Four experiments...


Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria/ultrastructure , Biochemical Phenomena , Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis , Gene Expression/physiology , Microcystins/biosynthesis , Microcystins/chemistry , Microcystins/toxicity
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